Computer Operator SET 1

Section A (Short Answers)

​1. Differences between primary and auxiliary memory

• ​Primary Memory (Main Memory): Directly accessible by the CPU (e.g., RAM, ROM). It is essential for current processing tasks. It is generally faster but has limited capacity and is often volatile (RAM).
• ​Auxiliary Memory (Secondary Storage): Used for long-term data retention (e.g., HDD, SSD, USB drives). It is non-volatile, has much larger capacity, and is slower than primary memory.

​2. Types of files and their extensions

• ​Document Files: .docx (MS Word), .pdf (Portable Document Format).
• ​Image Files: .jpg, .png, .gif.
• ​Audio/Video Files: .mp3, .mp4, .wav.
• ​System/Executable Files: .exe, .dll, .sys.

​3. Security techniques for MS Word

• ​Password Protection: Encrypting the file so only authorized users can open it.
• ​Restrict Editing: Preventing unauthorized changes to the content.
• ​Digital Signatures: Ensuring document integrity and authenticity.
• ​Mark as Final: Setting the document to read-only mode to discourage editing.

​4. Difference between footnote and endnote

• ​Footnote: Placed at the bottom of the specific page where the reference is cited.
• ​Endnote: Placed at the very end of the entire document (or section) in a collected list.

​5. Relative vs. Absolute Cell Reference

• ​Relative Reference: Cell addresses (e.g., A1) change automatically when a formula is copied to a new location.
• ​Absolute Reference: Cell addresses remain fixed (e.g., $A$1) regardless of where the formula is copied, using the $ symbol to lock the column and row.

​6. Database Relationships

• ​Use: To reduce redundancy and link related data across multiple tables (e.g., linking a 'Customers' table to an 'Orders' table).
• ​How: Established via Foreign Keys. A field in one table links to the Primary Key of another. Common types: One-to-One, One-to-Many, Many-to-Many.

​Long Answer Questions

​7. Mail Merge

• ​What is it: A feature to create multiple documents (letters, labels, emails) from a single template by merging it with a data source (e.g., an Excel list).
• ​Process: 1) Select document type, 2) Choose starting document, 3) Select recipients (data source), 4) Write the letter, 5) Insert merge fields (e.g., «Name»), 6) Preview, 7) Finish and merge.

​8. Key in Database & MS Access Data Types

• ​Key: A field (or combination) that identifies a record uniquely (Primary Key) or links tables (Foreign Key).
• ​Data Types: Short Text, Long Text (Memo), Number, Date/Time, Currency, AutoNumber, Yes/No, OLE Object, Hyperlink.

​Section B

​9. Formatting Options on a Slide

• ​Text: Font type, size, color, bold/italic, alignment, bullet points.
• ​Images: Cropping, resizing, brightness/contrast, adding borders or effects.
• ​Elements: Shapes, colors, transparency, animations, and transitions.

​10. Data Types

• ​Data type defines the kind of data a field can hold, ensuring efficient storage and accurate processing (e.g., integer, character, boolean, date).

​11. Switch vs. Hub

• ​Hub: A basic device that broadcasts incoming data to all connected ports; inefficient due to collisions.
• ​Switch: An intelligent device that learns device addresses (MAC addresses) and sends data only to the specific intended recipient.

​12. Identity & Access Control

• ​Authentication: Passwords, Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA), Biometrics.
• ​Authorization: Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), File permissions.

​13. Electronic Transaction Act, 2063 (Nepal) - Digital Signature

• ​A legal tool to verify the authenticity and integrity of electronic records. It uses asymmetric cryptography (a private key to sign and a public key to verify). It holds the same legal standing as a handwritten signature.

​14. HTML and CSS

• ​HTML (HyperText Markup Language): Provides the structure (headings, paragraphs, images).
• ​CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): Provides the presentation (colors, layout, fonts).
• ​Importance: Together they form the backbone of all modern web development.

​Long Answer Questions

​15. IP Address, Subnet Mask, Addressing

• ​IP Address: A unique identifier for devices on a network to facilitate communication.
• ​Subnet Mask: Defines which part of the IP is the network address and which part is the host address.
• ​Static vs. Dynamic: Static is manually configured (fixed), while Dynamic (DHCP) is automatically assigned by the network.

​16. Controller & IT Tribunal (ETA, 2063)

• ​Controller: Oversees the licensing of Certifying Authorities (CAs), sets standards, and audits systems to ensure secure electronic transactions.
• ​IT Tribunal: Composed of three members (a Law Member, an IT Member, and a Chairperson) to adjudicate disputes and cases related to electronic transactions.