Section A (Short Answers)
1. Differences between primary and auxiliary memory
- Primary Memory (Main Memory): Directly accessible by the CPU (e.g., RAM, ROM). It is essential for current processing tasks. It is generally faster but has limited capacity and is often volatile (RAM).
- Auxiliary Memory (Secondary Storage): Used for long-term data retention (e.g., HDD, SSD, USB drives). It is non-volatile, has much larger capacity, and is slower than primary memory.
2. Types of files and their extensions
- Document Files: .docx (MS Word), .pdf (Portable Document Format).
- Image Files: .jpg, .png, .gif.
- Audio/Video Files: .mp3, .mp4, .wav.
- System/Executable Files: .exe, .dll, .sys.
3. Security techniques for MS Word
- Password Protection: Encrypting the file so only authorized users can open it.
- Restrict Editing: Preventing unauthorized changes to the content.
- Digital Signatures: Ensuring document integrity and authenticity.
- Mark as Final: Setting the document to read-only mode to discourage editing.
4. Difference between footnote and endnote
- Footnote: Placed at the bottom of the specific page where the reference is cited.
- Endnote: Placed at the very end of the entire document (or section) in a collected list.
5. Relative vs. Absolute Cell Reference
- Relative Reference: Cell addresses (e.g., A1) change automatically when a formula is copied to a new location.
- Absolute Reference: Cell addresses remain fixed (e.g., $A$1) regardless of where the formula is copied, using the $ symbol to lock the column and row.
6. Database Relationships
- Use: To reduce redundancy and link related data across multiple tables (e.g., linking a 'Customers' table to an 'Orders' table).
- How: Established via Foreign Keys. A field in one table links to the Primary Key of another. Common types: One-to-One, One-to-Many, Many-to-Many.
Long Answer Questions
7. Mail Merge
- What is it: A feature to create multiple documents (letters, labels, emails) from a single template by merging it with a data source (e.g., an Excel list).
- Process: 1) Select document type, 2) Choose starting document, 3) Select recipients (data source), 4) Write the letter, 5) Insert merge fields (e.g., «Name»), 6) Preview, 7) Finish and merge.
8. Key in Database & MS Access Data Types
- Key: A field (or combination) that identifies a record uniquely (Primary Key) or links tables (Foreign Key).
- Data Types: Short Text, Long Text (Memo), Number, Date/Time, Currency, AutoNumber, Yes/No, OLE Object, Hyperlink.
Section B
9. Formatting Options on a Slide
- Text: Font type, size, color, bold/italic, alignment, bullet points.
- Images: Cropping, resizing, brightness/contrast, adding borders or effects.
- Elements: Shapes, colors, transparency, animations, and transitions.
10. Data Types
- Data type defines the kind of data a field can hold, ensuring efficient storage and accurate processing (e.g., integer, character, boolean, date).
11. Switch vs. Hub
- Hub: A basic device that broadcasts incoming data to all connected ports; inefficient due to collisions.
- Switch: An intelligent device that learns device addresses (MAC addresses) and sends data only to the specific intended recipient.
12. Identity & Access Control
- Authentication: Passwords, Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA), Biometrics.
- Authorization: Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), File permissions.
13. Electronic Transaction Act, 2063 (Nepal) - Digital Signature
- A legal tool to verify the authenticity and integrity of electronic records. It uses asymmetric cryptography (a private key to sign and a public key to verify). It holds the same legal standing as a handwritten signature.
14. HTML and CSS
- HTML (HyperText Markup Language): Provides the structure (headings, paragraphs, images).
- CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): Provides the presentation (colors, layout, fonts).
- Importance: Together they form the backbone of all modern web development.
Long Answer Questions
15. IP Address, Subnet Mask, Addressing
- IP Address: A unique identifier for devices on a network to facilitate communication.
- Subnet Mask: Defines which part of the IP is the network address and which part is the host address.
- Static vs. Dynamic: Static is manually configured (fixed), while Dynamic (DHCP) is automatically assigned by the network.
16. Controller & IT Tribunal (ETA, 2063)
- Controller: Oversees the licensing of Certifying Authorities (CAs), sets standards, and audits systems to ensure secure electronic transactions.
- IT Tribunal: Composed of three members (a Law Member, an IT Member, and a Chairperson) to adjudicate disputes and cases related to electronic transactions.